现金流量表38学分与课程要求Chapter 1: Overview – The Financial StatementsIn Chapter 1, the four basic financial statements are introduced: income statement, statement of retained earnings, balance sheet, and statement of cash flows. Financial information can be used in a variety of ways, but the focus of the chapter is on decision making and how accounting is the language of business. Also, generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) are discussed.Individuals, investors and creditors, regulatory bodies, and nonprofit organizations are all shown as users of accounting information. A comparison of financial accounting and management accounting is discussed, as well as the four ways to organize a business – proprietorship, partnership, limited-liability company (LLC), and corporation. A distinction between the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) is made.The entity assumption, continuity (going-concern) assumption, historical cost principle, and stable-monetary-unit assumption are all introduced. Explanations of assets, liabilities, and equity are given, and the accounting equation (assets = liabilities + equity) is presented.The four financial statements are discussed in more detail further in the chapter, as well as the information that is derived from each, and an explanation of assets, liabilities, equity, revenues, and expenses occurs.The end-of-chapter summary problem demonstrates the preparation of the financial statements and an analysis of the results.Key Topics Accounting measures business activities, converts data into reports, and communicates results to decision makers. Because of this, accounting is known as “the language of business.” Exhibit 1-1 demonstrates the flow of accounting information from the decisions to the final results of those decisions. Decision makers include individuals, investors and creditors, regulatory bodies, and nonprofit organizations.Internal and external users of accounting information exist. Financial accounting provides information to those outside of the entity, while management accounting provides information to those within the organization.Businesses are formed generally either as a proprietorship, partnership, limited-liability company (LLC), or corporation. Proprietorship has a single owner, the proprietor. A partnership has two or more owners, and each owner is called a partner. An LLC is a type of business in which the business (not the owner) is liable for the company’s debts. Its owners are known as members. Finally, a corporation is owned by stockholders, or shareholders, who own stock representing shares in the corporation.The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) develops the professional guidelines for measurement and disclosure of financial information in the United States that must be adhered to in preparing the financial statements. These rules are known as generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) sets International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).Exhibit 1-2 gives an overview of the joint conceptual framework of accounting developed by the FASB and the IASB. To be useful, information must be relevant and faithfully represented. This means that the information must be capable of making a difference to the decision maker, and it is reliable to the user.Accounting information must have the following qualitative characteristics: comparability, verifiability, timeliness, and understandability. Comparability means that the accounting information must be prepared so that it can be compared with information from other companies in the same period and is consistent with similar information for that company in previous periods. Verifiability states that the information can be checked for accuracy, completeness, and reliability. Timeliness refers to providing the information to users early enough to allow them to make decisions. Finally, understandability means that the information is transparent enough so that a reasonably informed user is able to make sense of it.Several assumptions exist in the preparation of financial statements and the users who rely on them. The assumption entity states that the business is an organization, which stands apart as a separate economic unit. Each business is treated as a separate, distinct entity to enable the accountant to measure the financial performance of the business.The continuity (going-concern) assumption states that the entity will continue to operate long enough to use existing assets for their intended use.The historical cost principle says that assets are to be recorded at their actual cost at the date of purchase. The actual cost must be verifiable and unbiased. Accounting is starting to use the fair market value for assets and liabilities. Fair market value is the amount that the business could sell the asset for, or the amount the business could settle the liability.Using the stable-monetary-unit assumption, accountants assume that the purchasing power of a dollar does not fluctuate. Inflation is ignored, and dollars from varying years are added or subtracted as though the dollar has a consistent amount of purchasing power over successive years.The elements of the financial statements are introduced. The financial statements are based on the accounting equation (assets = liabilities + equity), which is shown in Exhibit 1-4. Assets are economic resources that are expected to benefit an organization at some point in the future. Liabilities are debts that are payable to outsiders, or creditors.Owner’s equity (or stockholders’ equity for a corporation) represents “insider claims” of a business. Equity can also be stated as assets minus liabilities and is made up of two parts: paid-in-capital and retained earnings. Paid-in-capital is the amount that the stockholders have invested in the corporation (the main component of which is common stock, which is issued to shareholders to prove their ownership). Retained earnings are the cumulative amount of income-producing activities over time and kept for use in the business. Revenue, expenses, and dividends affect retained earnings. Revenues are inflows of resources that increase retained earnings by delivering goods or providing services to customers. Expenses are outflows of resources in the operation of the business that decrease retained earnings. Dividends are distributions to stockholders of assets that are generated by net income. Dividends are not considered expenses and do not affect net income. Net income occurs when total revenues exceed total expenses. When expenses exceed revenues, a net loss occurs.The financial statements present a company to the public in financial terms. The income statement, or statement of operations, shows revenue and expenses for a specific period. The result is net income or net loss for the period.The statement of retained earnings shows what a company did with its net income. If, over time, revenue exceeds expenses, the result will be a positive balance in retained earnings. If, historically, expenses have exceeded revenues, the result will be an accumulated deficit in retained earnings. Net income (or net loss) flows from the income statement to the statement of retained earnings.The balance sheet, also called the statement of financial position, reports assets, liabilities, and stockholders’ equity for a specific moment in time. Current assets are assets that are expected to be converted to cash, sold, or consumed during the next 12 months or within the entity’s operating cycle if longer than a year. Cash, short-term investments, accounts receivable, and inventory are all considered current assets. Long-term (non-current) assets would include property and equipment, intangibles, and long-term investments.Liabilities are also divided into the categories of current and long-term. Current liabilities are debts that are payable within one year. These would include current maturities of long-term debt, accounts payable, accrued expenses, and income taxes payable. Long-term liabilities are payable after one year.Stockholders’ equity represents the stockholders’ ownership of the entity’s assets. Common stock, additional paid-in-capital, and retained earnings are all components of stockholders’ equity.The statement of cash flows reports cash receipts and cash payments in the following categories: operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities.Good business requires decision making, which also requires the exercise of good judgment. Three factors influence business and accounting decisions: economic, legal, and ethical. The economic factor says that the decision being made should maximize the economic benefits to the decision maker. The legal factor is based on the fact that free societies are governed by laws, and those laws should be taken into consideration when making decisions. The ethical factor recognizes that while actions might be both economically profitable and legal, they still may be wrong. Most companies and individuals have established standards for themselves that impose a higher level of conduct than those imposed by law.PreviousProblemsProblem 1: Accounting Concepts, Assumptions, and PrinciplesThis is a pretty basic problem covering the new concepts, assumptions, and principles of accounting detailed in Chapter 1. These concepts, assumptions, and principles are the basis for determining how we account for certain accounts/transactions. We will be adding on to these concepts in later chapters and using them extensively.Problem 2: Accounting Equation (Assets= Liabilities + Stockholders' Equity)The purpose is to help you understand how the Accounting Equation works. Remember that the Accounting Equation must always remain in “balance.” Meaning Assets must ALWAYS equal Liabilities + Owners’ Equity. As we get into transactions, it always comes back to this concept of “balance” between these components. Helpful Hint: Remember this is a basic algebraic equation and you can move the components around, such as Assets less Stockholders’ Equity equals liabilities.Problem 3: Construct the Financial StatementsThis problem will take you some time to complete. The purpose of this problem is to create the financial statements. You will need to remember the proper order to complete the financial statements (Income Statement, Statement of Retained Earnings, Balance Sheet, Statement of Cash Flow). Keep the Following in Mind: It is essential that you use PROPER formatting: 3 line title in the correct order—Company Name, Statement presented, Time Period it relates to). Proper order of the Financial Statements matters as this is presented to the public and all companies are using the same formatting based on GAAP (or IFRS). Pay attention to the dates provided. If you are presenting financials for 2019, 2018 is prior year information that will be USED in some way (specifically talking about the account Retained Earnings).Please feel free to ask any questions you may have. I recommend writing these concepts out, so you know how you came up with the answers if you are not correct when you check your work.Problem 4: Comparative Financial Statements--Understanding the Relationship of the StatementsThis is BY FAR the most difficult problem in this assignment. You are presented with “comparative” financial statements. 2018 is the current year, 2017 is the immediate prior year. The purpose of this problem is to understand HOW the financial statements fit together. Helpful Hint: You will essentially be BACKING into the correct numbers by understanding how the financial statements work. For instance, in 2018 “revenues” is blank. Revenue – Cost of Goods Sold – Other Expenses = Income before income taxes. So using the information, you need to back into revenues (Cost of Goods Sold + Other Expenses + Income Before Taxes = Revenues). I know that revenue needs to be GREATER than Cost of Goods Sold + Other Expenses because I have a positive Income before income taxes. Work this problem out in paper and pencil so you know how you came up with the numbers. I promise you there is ENOUGH information to recreate the financial statements and correctly determine the missing figures.Problem 5: The Statement of Cash FlowThis problem is helping you understand the statement of cash flows. Take your time in determining the amounts. It is also helping you understand how to analyze the statement of cash flow. Hint Hint: This assignment will be helpful to prepare you for your first exam.S1-3 (book/static) Question Help Identify the accounting​ concept, assumption, or principle that best applies to each of the following​ situations:a.Inflation has been abound​ 2.5% for some time. VillageVillage Realtors is considering measuring its land values in​ inflation-adjusted amounts.b.You get an especially good buy on a laptoplaptop​, paying only $ 300$300 when it normally costs $ 800$800. What is your accounting value for this laptoplaptop​?c.Burger KingBurger King​, the restaurant​ chain, sold a store location to McDonaldMcDonald​'s. How can Burger KingBurger King determine the sale price of the storelong dash—by a professional​ appraisal, Burger KingBurger King​'s original​ cost, or the amount actually received from the​ sale?d.General MotorsGeneral Motors wants to determine which division of the companylong dash—ChevroletChevrolet or CadillacCadillaclong dash—is more profitable.a. Inflation has been about​ 2.5% for some time. VillageVillage Realtors is considering measuring its land values in​ inflation-adjusted amounts.晕死了 ，31除以8 我都算错了，而且纳闷了半天 为啥错了资产负债表资产负债表作业错的多现金流量表 错了个表头 ，醉了昨天资产负债表没得满分，重新做一遍差点又将报表抬头弄错， 昨天就错了这一道题，今天只好重新来过，但又差点重蹈覆辙

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