我每周打一点，争取用一个月的时间打完Critical Thinking and DiscussionAt its best, discussion deepens understanding and promotes problem solving and decision making. At its worst, it frays nerves, creates animosity, and leaves important issues unresolved. Unfortunately, the most porminent models for discussion in contemporary culture--radio and TV talk shows--often produce the latter effects.Many hosts demand that their guests answer complex questions with simple ""yes"" or ""no"" answers. If the guests respond that way, they are attacked for oversimplifying. If, instead, they try to offer a balanced answer, the host shouts, ""you're not answering the question,"" and proceeds to answer it himself. Guiests who agree with the host are treated warmly; others are dismissed as ignorant or dishonest. Often as not, when two guests are debating, each takes a turn interrupting while the other shouts, ""Let me finish."" Neither shows any desire to learn from the other. Typically, as the show draws to a close, the host thanks the participants for a ""vigorous debate"" and promises the audience more of the same next time.Here are some simple guidelines for ensuring that the discussions you engage in--in the classroom, on the job, or at home-are more civil, meaningful, and productive than what you see on TV. By following these guidelines, you will set a good example for the people around you.Whenever possible, prepare in advance. Not every discussion can be prepared for in advance, but many can. An agenda is usually circulated several days before a business or committee meeting. In college courses, the assignment schedule provides a reliable indication of what will be discussed in class on a given day. Use this information to prepare: Begin by reflecting on what you already know about the topic. then decide how you can expand your knowledge and devote some time to doing so. (Fifteen or twenty minutes of focused searching in the library or on the Internet can produce a significant amount of information on almost any subject.) Try to anticipate the different points of view that might be expressed in the discussion and condsider the relative merits of each. Keep your conclusions tentative at this point, so that you will be open to the facts and interpretations others will present.Set reasonable expectations. Have you ever left a discussion disappointed that others hadn't abandoned their views and embraced yours? Have you ever felt offended when someone disagreed with you or asked you what evidence you had to support your opinion? If the answer to either question is yes, you probably expect too much of others. People seldom change their minds easily or quickly, particularly in the case of long-held convictions.And when they encounter ideas that differ from their own, they naturally want to know what evidence supports those ideas. Expect to have your ideas questioned, and be cheerful and gracious in responding.Leave egotism and persional agendas at the door. To be productive, discussion requires an atmosphere of mutual respect and civility. Egotism produces disrespectful attitudes toward others--notably, ""I'm more important than other people,"" ""My ideas are better than anyone else's,"" and ""Rules don't apply to me."" Personal agendas, such as dislike for another participant or excessive zeal for a point of view, can lead to personal attacks and unwillingess to listen to others' views.Contribute but don't dominate. If you are the kind of person who loves to talk and has a lot to say, you probably contribute more to discussions than other participants. On the other hand, if you are more reserved, you may seldom say anything. There is nothing wrong with being either kind of person. However, discussions tend to be most productive when everyone contributes ideas. For this to happen, loquacious people need to excrcise a little restraint, and more reserved people need to accept responsibility for sharing their thoughts.Avoid distracting speech mannerisms. Such mannerisms include starting one sentence and then abruptly switching to another; mumbling or slurring your words; and punctuating every phrase or clause with audible pauses(""um,"" ""ah,"") or meaningless expressions (""like,"" ""you know,"" ""man""). These annoying mannerisms distract people from your message. To overcome them, listen to yourself when you speak. Even better, tape your conversations with friends and family (with their permission), then play the tape back and listen to yourself. Whenever you are engaged in a discussion, aim for clarity, directness, and economy of expression.Listen actively. When the participants dn't listen to one another, discussion becomes little more than serial monologue--each person taking a turn at speaking while the rest ignore what is being said. This can happen quite unintentionally because the mind can process ideas faster than the fastest speaker can deliver them. Your mind may get tired of waiting and wander about aimlessly like a dog off its leash. IN such cases, instead of listening to the speaker's words, you may think about her clothing or hairstyle or look outside the window and observe what is happening there. Even when you make a serious effort to listen, it is easy to lose focus. If the speaker's words trigger an unrelated memory, you may slop away to that earlier time and place. If the speaker says something you disagree with, you may begin framing a reply. The best way to maintain your attention is to be alert for such distractions and to resist them. Strive to enter the speaker's frame of mind, understand what is said, and connect it with what was said previously. Whenever you realize your mind is wandering, drag it back to the task.Judge ieads responsibly. Ideas range in quality from profound to ridiculous, helpful to harmful, ennobling to degrading. It is therefore appropriate to pass judgment on them. However, fairness demands that you base your judgment on thoughtful consideration of the overall strengths and weaknesses of the ideas, not on initial impressions or feelings. Be especially careful with ideas that are unfamiliar or different from your own because those are the ones you will be most inclined to deny a fair hearing.Resist the urge to shout or interrupt. No doubt you understand that shouting and interrupting are rude and disrespectful behaviors, but do you realizae that in many cases they are also a sign of intellectual insecurity? It's true. If you really believe your ideas are sound, you will have no need to raise your voice or to silence the other person. Even if the other persion resorts to such behavior, the best way to demonstrate confidence and character is by refusing to reciprocate. Make it your rule to disagree without being disagreeable.Avoiding PlagiarismONce ideas are put into words and published, they become intellectual property, and the author has the same rights over them as he or she has over a material possession such as a house or a car. The only real difference is that intellectual property is purchased with mental effort rather than money. Anyone who has ever wracked his or her brain trying to solve a problem or trying to put an idea into clear and meaningful words can appreciate how difficult mental offort can be.Plagiarism is passing off other people's ideas or words as on'e won. It is doubly offensive in that it both steals and deceives. In the academic world, plagiarism is considered an ethical violation and is punished by a failing grade for a paper or a course or even by dismissal from the institution. Outside the academy, it is a crime that can be prosecuted if the person to whom the ideas and words belong wishes to bring charges. Either way, the offender suffers dishonor and disgrace, as the following examples illustrate:1 When a university in South Africa learned that professor Marks Chabel had plagiarized most of his doctoral dissertation from Kimberly Lanegran of the University of Florida, the university fired Chabel. Moreover, the university that had awarded him his Ph.D. revoked it.2 When U.S.Senator Joseph Biden was seeking the 1988 Democratic presidential nomination, it was revealed that he had plaiarized passages from speeches by British politician Neil Kinnock and by Robert Kennedy. It was also learned that, while in law school, he had plagiarized a number of pages from a legal articles. The ensuing scandal led Biden to withdraw his canicacy and has continued to stain his reputation.3 The reputation of historian Stephen Ambrose was tarnished by allegations that over the years he plagiarized the work of several author. Doris Kearns Goodwin, historian and advisor to President Lyndom Johnson, suffered a similar embarrassment when she was discovered to have plagiarized from more than one sorce in one of her books.Wehn James A. Mackay, a Scottish historian, published a biography of Alexander Graham Bell in 1998, Robert Bruce presented evidence that the book was largely plagiarized from his 1973 biography, which had won a Pulitzer Prize. Mackay was forced to withdraw his book from the market. (Incredibly, he did not learn from the experience because he then published a biography of John Paul Jones, which was plagiarized form a 1942 book by Samuel Eliot Morison.)5 When New York Times reporter Jason Blair was discovered to have plagiarized stories from other reporters and fabricated quotations and details in his stories, he resigned his position in disgrace. Soon afterward, the two senior editors who had been his closest mentors also resignied, reportedly because of their irresponsible handling of Blair's reportage and the subsequent scandal.

这些标准的目的是标准化该地区的旅游实践，并使所有旅游产品和组织在同一份文件中工作。"发布了图片"。各方都意识到有必要获得正确的统计数据。准备。　　因为我们这次争吵的内容是涉及他母亲的生命，而他依然如往常一个固执。我们是一个奇怪，罕见，奇怪的东西，人们说，'更多的肉。“以行李机器人为例，如果你考虑它在度假村中的应用，从地形的角度来看，机器人几乎不可能跟随它的人类领袖。　　刘天王早就用歌曲诠释了天意啊　　忘了。

IAPCO和TCEB谅解备忘录演唱巴塞罗那 – ΕΙΒΤΜ – 报告：泰国会议展览局（TCEB）和国际专业大会组织者协会（IAPCO）携手为东南亚的大会组织者提供专业发展培训 Region。　　　　提眉后注意事项。真棒。"。只想挖女人的房子和钱。“在这个商业和经济脆弱的时候，我们继续提供方便高效的空中连接至关重要，”罗杰补充道。（米格尔·德索萨）"。 蓝鼎国际发展有限公司主席兼执行董事杨志辉表示：“狮门影业成为我们的合作伙伴，我们感到非常荣幸。"。两个航班都将由A380运营，头等舱，商务舱（平躺座位）和经济舱的私人套房。客厅的布置和装饰，能体现出主人的品位、格调等。其中一个是别人的老婆被你睡了，他还以后买好烟好酒来感谢你，你真是牛"。总的来说，有很多裸露，震撼价值和怪异的旗帜以非常积极的方式飘扬。